The Introduction And History Of Istanbul Tourism Essay

The Introduction And History Of Istanbul Tourism Essay Istanbul is the largest city of Turkey. It is the financial capital of Turkey, making it the busiest city in Turkey. It is located in the northwestern side of Turkey. In the Marmara region having a total area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi). The Sea of Marmara is connected to the Black Sea by the Bosphorus strait, which divides Istanbul into European that is the Thracian side, which is the economic and historic side, and Antolian side that is the Asian side. It has a population of 13.5 million due to which it is listed in one of the largest cities in the world for population in city limits. In the year 2008 in the terms of gross domestic product Istanbul was ranked 34th because of its GDP being US$182 Billion. 27 percent of Turkeys GDP is contributed by Istanbul. Two- fifths of the Turkish economy of the nations tax revenue, is contributed by Istanbul. INTRODUCTION TO THE DESTINATION The university of California, Berkley in the year 2008, September said that Istanbul is the Cultural capital of Europe. In the year 2010, The New York Times rated Istanbul on number 19th for the list of The 31 places to go in 2010. In the year 2010 around 7 million foreign tourists visited Istanbul, which made it worlds tenth- most visited city in the world. Istanbul itself has 17 palaces, 49 churches and 64 mosques, which makes it the most ideal place for cultural tourism. Istanbul is the city of history, culture and diversity. It is now being considered even as a place for educational tourism, as it has one of the worlds oldest universities. The administrative capital of Turkey has always been Istanbul. The worlds busiest waterway is Bosphorous, which is in Istanbul. It is located between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Sarayburnu had found Istanbul around 600 BC. Istanbul is a muslim dominated country. After the end of Ottoman Empire this city has become for cosmopolitan. A fter muslims this city is dominated by orthodox Christians. This city has always been considered as the cultural hub. In the 19th century it was considered the artistic center for regional purposes. Istanbul has a lot of shopping centers from the modern period as well as the historic period. The city has a Mediterranean climate. The northern part of the city has a lot of humidity due to the water bodies and the sea. Fog is a common site in the city. Winters are very cold. During winters black sea faces lake effect snow.Exhibition conducted in Tate Modern in the city of London on Global Cities on 27th August 2007 had Istanbul featured along with London, Cairo, Shanghai and Los Angeles. In which it was compared to all these cities for their size, speed, form density and diversity. The slogan that the Tourism board of Turkey uses to promote Istanbul is also Historically Dynamic. Making it the most apt city for foreigners to feel close to the culture and history. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In the entire world, cultural and historical heritage and tourism have had many links throughout. According to the economic justification given by people tourism is a tool used for the preservation of heritages, artifacts and the folk life of the destination (Hall, 1994). This report summarizes and focuses on the kind of tourism in Istanbul. It is known for its cultural tourism, since the government of Turkey also promotes Istanbul as the most historically sound city. LITERATURE REVIEW OF ISTANBUL John Cleave in the year 2008 described Istanbul as the city of two continents. The mayor of Istanbul Kadir Topbas explains that Istanbul is a country not a city. In the year 1980 Istanbul did not even have enough electricity supply for the famous skyline. Few years back Istanbul had midnight curfews and even the supply of Turkish coffee had gone down. Today Istanbul is not just an immigrant city, it is much more than that, says Murat Guvenc, city planner and curator of Istanbul 1910- 2012. Kirsten Stamn in his online blog carry on in the year 2011 describes that, when some one thinks of Istanbul, people only think of the mosques, the bazaars and the architecture. But he discloses a fact that Turks love jazz. The biggest Jazz Festival every year is held in Istanbul. It is Istanbul where 15 million people come and visit the Grand Bazaar every year (Appleton. K, 2012). Istanbul has always had an East meets west history, due to the Bosphorous strait. The main selling point of Istanbul h as always been bridge between Asia and Europe. According to a survey done in April 2012 by PortTurkey.com the nationalities that visit this city the most re Germans. They took the top spot with 10.4 percent. According to Istanbuls Culture and Tourism Director Ahmet Emre Bilgili, Istanbul is a city, which has a very old history, culture and art, which a lot of people want to experience. It has a very diversified tourism, which makes it the most visited city by the tourists. PART 2 MAIN FORM OF TOURISM Tourism in Turkey mainly focuses on the various historical sites that the city has. In 2011 Istanbuls mainly attracted form of tourism was for culture, spa and health care, which helped it rank the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world. Istanbul just does not have vacationers tourist but even visiting professional literates, for its cultural grounds on literature. Istanbul even caters to the leisure travellers. The shopaholics can have a feast in this city, as Cevahir mall is the biggest mall in Europe and the seventh largest shopping center in the world. Peter Sommer describes that while describing Istanbul it is very hard for people not to speak in superlatives. Istanbul has one of the most finest architectural and art around the world. Istanbul is Turkeys commercial hub, which is also the social, and art capital. In the year 1970 the population of this city was 3 million, which has grown to around 11 million today. The head of Cultural and Social Affairs Department, Nu man Guzey shares that Istanbul has been the capital for three empires in the past that is Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman, which makes it a center of history and culture having a history that is 3,000 years old. The mission statement of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipalitys Directorate of Tourism is that it is the city that has a lot of vibrancy, since a lot of cultures here have crossed and encountered in the centuries that have passed by. Their mission is to promote Istanbul more as a cultural destination known for its heritage making it the most visited and vibrant tourist destinations in the world. CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISTS In the year 2012 the number of tourists that visited Istanbul increased at a very large scale. Istanbul Culture and Tourism Directorate released the figures of tourists visiting the city has increased by 18 percent compared to the year 2011. Around 4.2 million tourists visited Istanbul. Around 4 million tourists visited Istanbul by plane and the rest by ferries or ships. Wizard Istanbul is a travel guide developed by the Ministry of Culture and tourism is an online website which is available 24 hours to help the foreign tourists. Istanbul had a whooping number of 4,231,000 tourists. Around 26.8 percent of the tourists that entered Turkey visited Istanbul. 4,052,908 tourists arrived by plane and the rest 178,511 came by sea. The majority of tourists who visited Istanbul were from Germany, which was then followed by Russia, America, France, England and Iran. This year there was a decline in the tourists form Israel. Since the year 2007 Spaniards have visited Istanbul a lot more frequen tly. Istanbul has made Turkey the top 10 biggest revenue generators in the world due to tourism. Spending Capacity The Turkish Lira was not stable for quiet some years; euros and dollars are a common currency in most of the hotels and tour operators. Earlier it was a bargain destination, it still has a god value for money when it comes to travelling. A room for two people in three star hotels would cost around $80 per night in Sultanahmet. A decent meal would cost around TL20 to TL25. Public transportation is very cheap and efficient and some of the citys historical places people can visit for free. If the non-residents buy any expensive item from Istanbul they can participate in the national Global Refund. This means that at the time of departure the tourist can present the refund receipt at the airport tax return. This way the tourists get their tax back. DURATION OF STAY Tourists, who generally visit Istanbul, prefer staying there for 5 to 6 days. Tourists, which travel to Istanbul even travel to Cappadocia, which is not very far from Istanbul. The cultural tourists travel for 10 days since they visit the blue mosque. TIME AND SPACE Specific type of Tourist In the year 2004, the maximum people who visited Istanbul were travelling only for cultural perspective. Hence Istanbul had a very high amount of cultural tourism. In more recent years the cultural tourism in this city has increased to 30 percent. 40 percent of the tourists visit the museums and the mosques. The major target markets for Istanbul are cultural tourists. The total amount of visitors every year to the Istanbul museum is 3,932,852 (Ministry of Culture and Tourism, 2008). Lot of tourists visit this city for the festivals as well. After the year 2000 the government has taken important steps to celebrate festivals publically, so that not only the residents can take part but also the tourists can be a part of it. The European Union supports the cultural tourism, making this city more convenient for the culturally inclined tourists. The cultural tourists are generally rich and highly educated. The cultural tourists are generally known as upper level tourists. Cultural tourists who travel to Istanbul are dived into two groups according to the attractions they visit. The first groups of attractions are monuments, museums. Theme parks, architectural and sculptures. The second group of attractions is music and dance, events, theatre language, festivals. CONTRIBUTION TO GDP Turkey has become the 15th greatest economy of the world in the year 2012. Having a GDP of $729 billion. Istanbul has always been the economic center for Turkey, contributing a GDP of $174 billion. It generates 22 percent of the GDP just through tourism and 40 percent is generated through the travel and tourism tax. Istanbul has made carved a niche for itself and is now listed in the Global cities of the world. Due to the high GDP in Istanbul, it has started creating more jobs, further improving the countrys balance overall. THE GLOBAL CONTEXT OF CONTEMPORARY TOURISM Travelling is something that everyone enjoys. Travelling makes life interesting, and can bring a new view of living life. The purpose of everyones travelling can be different like some people travel for rich culture, history and some to meet and come across interesting people. A lot of people travel and yet they would not be able to travel the whole world, as they might not have the correct resources. Travelling around the world gives people a better understanding of what is going around in the different parts of the world, and how different is every countries culture and heritage. Traveling even changes a persons perspective towards life. Travelling broadens a persons mind and soul. In basic words it has always been a human desire to travel to different places. Travelling changes a person inside out. Travel for people will always be an invaluable asset. Most of the common reasons why people travel is to try out new things. Different places have different things to see and try, and t his is the motivation which most of the people have. GLOBALIZATION- EFFECT ON TOURISM

Kent V. United States

Regarded as the first major juvenile rights case to preface further juvenile court reforms, Kent v. United States established the universal precedents of requiring waiver hearings before juveniles could be transferred to the jurisdiction of a criminal court and juveniles being entitled to consult with counsel prior to and during such hearings. Morris A. Kent, Jr. , first came under the authority of the Juvenile Court of the District of Columbia in 1959. He was then aged 14.He was apprehended as a result of several housebreakings and an attempted purse snatching. He was placed on probation, in the custody of his mother, who had been separated from her husband since Kent was two years old. Juvenile Court officials interviewed Kent from time to time during the probation period, and accumulated a â€Å"Social Service† file. On September 2, 1961, an intruder entered the apartment of a woman in the District of Columbia. He took her wallet. He raped her. The police found in the apart ment latent fingerprints. They were developed and processed.They matched the fingerprints of Morris Kent, taken when he was 14 years old and under the jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court. At about 3 p. m. on September 5, 1961, Kent was taken into custody by the police. Kent was then 16, and therefore subject to the â€Å"exclusive jurisdiction† of the Juvenile Court. He was still on probation to that court as a result of the 1959 proceedings. Kent was detained on a Receiving Home for one week. During that period, there was no arraignment and no determination by a judicial officer of the probable cause for Kent’s arrest.His attorney filed a motion with the juvenile court opposing the waiver as well as a request to inspect records relating to Kent’s previous offenses. A psychiatric examination of Kent was arranged by his attorney. His attorney argued that because his client was â€Å"a victim of severe psychopathology† it would be in Kent’s best inter est to remain within the juvenile courts jurisdiction where he could receive adequate treatment. The juvenile court judge failed to rule on any of Kent’s attorney’s motions. He also failed to confer with Kent’s attorney and/or parents.Then the juvenile courts judge declared that â€Å"after full investigation, I do hereby waive† jurisdiction of Kent and direct that he be held for trial for the offenses . He offered no findings, nor did he recite any reason for the waiver or make mention of Kent’s attorney’s motions. Kent was later found guilty on six counts of housebreaking by federal jury, although the jury found him â€Å"not guilty by reason of insanity† on the rape charges. Because of DC law, it was mandatory that Kent be sent to a mental institution until such time as his sanity is restored.Kent’s sentence was 5 to 15 years or a total of 30 to 90 years in prison. His mental institution commitment would be counted as time s erved against the 30 to 90 years sentence. Kent’s conviction was reversed by a vote 5-4. This is significant, because it signified a subtle shift in Supreme Court sentiment relating to juvenile rights. It is also significant that the Supreme Court stressed the phrase â€Å"critically important† when referring to the absence of counsel and waiver hearing, respectively.Because of Kent’s decision, waiver hearings are now critical stages. Regarding the effective assistance of counsel, this was also regarded by the court as a â€Å"critically important† decision. They observed that the right to representation by counsel is not a formality. It is not a grudging gesture to a ritualistic requirement. It is of the essence of justice†¦. Appointment of counsel without affording an opportunity of a hearing on a â€Å"Critically important† decision is tantamount to a denial of counsel (383 U. S. at 561)

Quantum Neural Network Essay - 1014 Words

Chapter 1 Quantum Neural Network 1.1 Introduction and Background The eld of articial neural networks (ANNs) draws its inspiration from the working of human brain and the way brain processes information. An ANN is a directed graph with highly interconnected nodes called neurons.Each edge of the graph has a weight associated with it to model the synaptic eciency. The training process involves updating the weights of the network in such a way that the network learns to solve the problem. The neurons in the network work together to solve specic problems. The network can be trained to do various tasks like pattern recognition, data classication,function approximation etc. ANNs are widely used in the elds of computer vision†¦show more content†¦This has been demonstrated by many quantum 1.2. QUANTUM MECHANICS AND ANN 3 Figure 1.2: Quantum analogies for dierent concepts of articial neural networks algorithms such as Grovers search algorithm, Shors factorisation algorithm etc. We can use this property and our knowledge of classical neural net- works to create a new computing paradigm called quantum neural networks (QNNs). There are many ways of using building a QNN. Figure 1.2 has been taken from [2], which shows various approaches to achieving For the purpose of this chapter will will consider only the Menneer and Narayanan model. This model is based on the parallel universe interpreta- tion of Quantum mechanics. 1.2.1 The parallel universe interpretation The parallel universe interpretation or the many world interpretation of quantum mechanics was proposed by Hugh Everett in the year 1957 [3]. 4 CHAPTER 1. QUANTUM NEURAL NETWORK It says that there exists an innite number of coexisting universes and each possible outcome of an event occurs in a parallel universe. According to the theory superposition states of a wavefunction lies in dierent universes and the quantum system interacts with itself in dierent universes. Any act of measurement sees the state only in one universe. This interpretation can help in better understanding of the eld of quan- tum information. 1.3 Quantum Neural Network We will try toShow MoreRelatedEssay On Better Glass Edu867 Words   |  4 PagesThere are several projects for this research opportunity. I am part of a project called Better Glass Edu, a project specifically for the first year researchers to get acclimated to the terms of and usage of a neural network using machine learning algorithms. Before going in-depth into the research topic we must first understand what Machine learning is. 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The Golden Age of Piracy Essay example - 1197 Words

During the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries, piracy was rampant in the Atlantic, specifically in the West Indies. Piracy has existed since the earliest days of ocean travel, for a range of personal and economic reasons. However, one of the major reasons why piracy was wide spread and rampant in the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries was Great Britain’s endorsement and usage of piracy as an asset; in wars fought in the New World. Great Britain with its expanding power and conflicts with other nations would make piracy a lifestyle and lay down the foundation for the Golden Age of Piracy and eventually bring what it created to a screeching halt. Piracy flourished openly in the New World, but more so in the West Indies. Within the†¦show more content†¦Spain under King Philip the second, was the most powerful nation in Europe at the time and sought to weaken Elizabeth’s reign and have her replaced. So, for the Queen to keep her power and avoid open conflict with Spain, England engaged in an â€Å"aggressive para-naval policy towards Spain; and sought to counter Spanish expansion in the New World. Privateering expeditions were under the guise of seeking new channels for English trade, but in fact the expeditions mainly attacked Spanish colonies in the New World. The English privateer John Hawkins, was one of the first hired and supported by England to attack Spanish colonies and trading vessels. Hawkins was the first Englishman to trade slaves in the New World, however he employed â€Å"warlike† methods of forcing trade and engaged a and defeated a Spanish fleet in the harbor of Vera Cruz. Anothe r famous privateer who was utilized by the English government was Sir Francis Drake. Drake obtained a privateering commission from Queen Elizabeth in 1570, to strike at Spanish trading vessels and port cities. In the years that followed, he sacked the Spanish towns of Nombre de Dios and Panama, which in the process he captured a Spanish sliver mule train. Under Elizabeths orders, Drake sent sail on December. 13, 1577, where he sought to raid Spains Pacific colonies he knew were hardly defended. He circumnavigated the globe in the process andShow MoreRelatedThe Golden Age Of Piracy1380 Words   |  6 PagesHollywood portrays pirates as swashbuckling outlaws with their own set of rules and loose morals, nefarious hideouts, and adventure at every turn of their lives; but that’s Hollywood. During the Golden Age of Piracy, about 1550 to 1730, pirates did traverse the Atlantic almost completely unchallenged; producing some of the most notorious pirates and privateers the wor ld had ever seen. But not all of these pirates were outlaws, most were actually legal. And their hideouts weren’t really hideouts atRead MoreGolden Age of Piracy2980 Words   |  12 PagesFinally, Teach places several slow burning fuses under his hat, lighting each one by one[i]. With wisps of smoke billowing around his face, Blackbeard, the most treacherous pirate in history, emerges from his cabin to join the fight. In the golden age of piracy, Captain Edward Teach, more commonly known as Blackbeard, stands out as the fiercest and most important figure. Blackbeard and his crew successfully controlled commerce along the North Carolina and Virginia coast from 1717-1718. BlackbeardRead MorePirates: Piracy and Golden Age1076 Words   |  5 PagesJosh Davis FYE 102 Paper 1 9/28/2012 Golden Age Pirates vs. Modern Day Pirates Piracy has been around before the time of the pyramids. Once merchant ship began to deliver goods to other countries, others realized the financial gain that could be made by stealing those goods and selling them themselves. 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The Importance Of Nonverbal Communication - 1097 Words

Communication is defined as a system, in which individuals either verbally or non-verbally contribute to information and ideas. Nonverbal communication is a communication between individuals by means of sending and accepting wordless clues. It is a powerful tool for an individual to comprehend and utilize nonverbal communication, which can enable you to associate with others, express what you truly mean, and build better relationships. Nonverbal communication has a wonderful effect on the whole communication system and our social environment. There are various functions and types of nonverbal communication. It directs relationships and can bolster or even supplant verbal communications in several circumstances. It can turn into a boundary†¦show more content†¦The accenting function is a sort of body language that underscores, softens, emphasizes, or improves your verbal correspondence (Hybels Weaver, 2007). Different Types of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal communication contains several different forms. Paralanguage, kinesics, proxemics and chronemics, are four main types of nonverbal communication (Frederick Lunenburg, 2010). And, they are such as, 1. Kinesics Kinesics is the study of body movements even stance (Bowden, Furnham, Walters, 2011). It incorporates facial expressions, gestures, touching, eye behavior and some other movement of body and limbs. The physical attributes such as body shape, posture, physique, weight, skin color, hair, height and other are related with kinesics. Gestures disclose how individuals are feeling. Individuals tend to gesture more when they are eager, energized, and empowered. Individuals tend to gesture less when they are crippled, worried, apprehensive about their impression. Hand gestures are utilized to express endorsement and palms spread outward to show perplexity, give important insights to correspondence. Facial expressions pass on an abundance of data. The specific look on an individuals face and developments of the individuals head give reliable prompts as to endorsement, dissatisfaction, or doubt. When individuals start to encounter a feeling, their facial muscles are activated. The six universal expressions that most societies perceiveShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Nonverbal Communication1194 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication plays a key role in every culture, but the importance or preference a culture places on verbal or nonverbal communication differs greatly. The country of Japan is a high-context culture, which means their society places a greater importance on nonverbal communication rather than verbal communication. In order to understand why Japan places such importance on nonverbal communication, the way they verbally communicate with others needs to be discussed first. Many cultures outside of JapanRead MoreThe Importance Of Nonverbal Communication6466 Words   |  26 PagesCommunication Communication plays a key role in every culture, but the importance or preference a culture places on verbal or nonverbal communication differs greatly. The country of Japan is a high-context culture, which means their society places a greater importance on nonverbal communication rather than verbal communication. In order to understand why Japan places such importance on nonverbal communication, the way they verbally communicate with others needs to be discussed first. Many culturesRead MoreThe Importance Of Nonverbal Communication1056 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication has been described as a flow of information between two parties principally between a source and a receiver. Communication is a any behavioral approach that can come in the verbal, nonverbal or graphic form that is sent by one and receive by another. Communication demonstrates our ability to interact and influence others in a useful way. Successful people are not only proficient in their own fields but also communi cation oriented and possessed a quality to demonstrate professional behaviorRead MoreThe Importance Of Verbal And Nonverbal Communication1421 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Communication is an integral part of life; without it, we would not survive†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Communication is needed not only to send and receive information and knowledge, but the most important aspect of communication is the ability to connect with other human beings around the world regarding the topics of relationships, families, organizations, cultures and nations (Vertino, 2014). A nurse must provide care that treats the whole person, not just the physical body. This concept is known as holistic care (BlairRead MoreThe Importance Of Verbal And Nonverbal Communication .1797 Words   |  8 Pages The Importance of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Veanna Shaw Fayetteville Technical Community College Abstract Communication is a vital part of everyday life for everyone. It is how individuals express their ideas, feelings, grievances and emotions. There are two types of communication, verbal and nonverbal. This paper will examine how they are each individually necessary and how together they offer unlimited possibilities of communicating any and everythingRead MoreThe Importance Of Verbal And Nonverbal Communication1148 Words   |  5 Pagesinterpersonal communication. In this paper, principles of communication will be discussed and a personal experience will be given to relate into those principles. The Blocks of Communication The building blocks of communication vary in various principles. Those principles are called verbal messages, nonverbal communication, emotions and emotional messages, and the principles of conversation. Each of the principles engages in specific speciality for an effective interpersonal communication. Communication isRead MoreThe Importance Of Verbal And Nonverbal Communication1265 Words   |  6 Pageswill discuss the processes of verbal and  nonverbal communication, including associated components of each, the differences between listening and hearing regarding communications. Also covered will be the formal and informal channels of communication that may be used within criminal justice organizations and implemented strategies used to overcome communication barriers therein. Verbal and nonverbal communication are the two main divisions of communication, and each specific realm deals with its ownRead MoreThe Importance Of Verbal And Nonverbal Communication1271 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Sometimes the greatest adventure is simply a conversation† (Amadeus Wolfe). Verbal and nonverbal communication play such a significant role in our everyday lives, but we have scantily taken the time to notice how what we say, or how our body language can affect those around us. The bat of an eyelash, the touch of an arm, the way we push our hair out of our face or the bite of a lip can indicate flirtation. Those that know me can read every emotion from my face, or so I’ve been told. Although,Read MoreThe importance of nonverbal communication in the medical profession Communication skills are1800 Words   |  8 PagesThe importance of nonverbal communication in the medical profession Communication skills are quite essential in civilized societies. This is due to their numerous conventions in different aspects of life. These skills do not only involve the verbal side but also the nonverbal side. Nonverbal communication importance used to be neglected by individuals in the past. However, in recent years, people are starting to recognize their crucial roles in their daily lives. They are now more interested inRead MoreEssay on Between the Lines: The Importance of Nonverbal Communication1215 Words   |  5 PagesBetween the Lines: The Importance of Nonverbal Communication The symbols we use to communicate are the vital fabric that holds human society together. Every day, billions of people around the globe use a plethora of symbols to relay information, exchange ideas, and solve problems. When these symbols are used in an effective way, they can change how someone views life, rouse people to a common cause, or infuse emotions and ideas into those that can understand. But what kind of symbols am I referring

Accounting Standard-Setters Free Essays

Accounting standard-setters have an expectation that the readers of general purpose financial reports have a ‘reasonable knowledge’ of accounting. Specifically, the IASB Framework states that ‘users are expected to have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and a willingness to study the information with reasonable diligence’. Hence, there is an expectation that financial statements are not tailored to meet the needs of people who have not, in some way, studied financial accounting. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Standard-Setters or any similar topic only for you Order Now Students should be encouraged to consider whether this expectation is in itself ‘reasonable’. As Chapter 2 states, there is an expectation held by accounting standard-setters that users of financial statements have a reasonably sound knowledge of financial accounting. For example, within the IASB Framework (which is also the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) Framework) reference is made to users who ‘are expected to have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and a willingness to study the information with reasonable diligence’. Within the United States Conceptual Framework Project, reference is made to the ‘informed reader’. Hence, a view has been adopted by the regulators that users of financial statements should have a certain level of knowledge, and when accounting standards are being developed, this level of knowledge is assumed. In defence of this position, we could probably argue that if such an assumption was not made then the development of accounting standards would be much more difficult and time consuming given that the standard-setters would need to consider how uninformed users might react to the particular standards. The position adopted is also consistent with other professions which also typically assume a certain level of expertise when developing guidance for their professions’ members (however, we need to be careful with justifications like this—just because others do a certain thing does not mean it is the ‘right’ thing). If users find it necessary, there are many experts who would be available to provide advice on how particular numbers were derived. Of course, such advice will generally be at a cost which does raise the issue that it can be costly for some individuals to gain an understanding about the operations of organisations that perhaps have an impact on their ongoing existence. Hence, while there is arguably a ‘right-to-know’, for people without an accounting knowledge this right can only be exercised at some cost. In making this judgement, students should consider the various articles that frequently appear in newspapers, and various discussions that occur on television and radio in relation to an organisation’s profits. Rarely is any mention made of the accounting methods used, even though the profits ultimately reported are directly a product of the many decisions that would have been made regarding how particular items should be accounted for (if possible, direct reference should be made to a number of articles which discuss organisations’ reported profits). Hence, it does appear as if profits are often held out as some form of ‘hard’, objective measure of organisational performance. In considering why the media might behave in this manner, one possibility is that those responsible for writing the stories are ignorant that financial accounting relies upon a great deal of professional judgement and they might believe that every decision made by accountants is clearly mapped out by a comprehensive system of rules. Alternatively, the writers might consider that people simply do not want to be ‘bogged down’ in the fine detail. As another possibility the accounting profession, through such vehicles as conceptual frameworks, may have successfully cultivated an impression (with the people in the media, and others) that the practice of accounting is objective, and the output of the accounting system is highly comparable between different entities—meaning that one organisation’s profits can appropriately be compared to another. The implications of this approach to reporting profits in the media is that one entity’s performance as represented by its profit might simply be compared to another, and that the entity with the higher reported profit might be considered to be more successful, and therefore to represent a better investment. Its management might also be considered in a more favourable light than the management of the entity with the lower reported profits. Implications such as this, however, assume that readers and media listeners do not appreciate that profits are directly related to the various accounting choices made. Advocates of an efficient market perspective, however, might argue that as long as the information about accounting method selection is made public somewhere, such as in the annual report, then the market (for example, the capital market), on average, will be able to understand how the adoption of particular accounting methods affected reported profits, and hence the market will not simply fixate on the final numbers reported. There are differences in opinion about the efficiency of markets, such as the capital market. A further point that could be raised in relation to this question is that accounting ‘profits’ are not a comprehensive measure of organisational performance given that accounting profits typically disregard many of the social and environmental implications of a reporting entity. How to cite Accounting Standard-Setters, Essay examples

Robert aldrich Essay Example For Students

Robert aldrich Essay Robert Aldrich was born into an extremely wealthy family. He became an assistant director in Hollywood, working in the 1945 1952 period with many directors. A notably high percentage of these were in the extreme left: Jean Renoir, Lewis Milestone, Robert Rossen, Joseph Losey, Charles Chaplin. Kiss Me Deadly (1955) is Aldrichs most remarkable film. Aldrich began directing in 1953, and by then, the film noir cycle had run its course as a Hollywood phenomenon, peaking in the years 1942 1951. However, film noirs were still being made steadily through the 1950s, and many of these works were classics of the cycle. There is a remarkably detailed visual analysis of the film in Kiss Me Deadly: Evidence of a Style by Alain Silver, in Film Noir Reader (1996), edited by Alain Silver and James Ursini. The remarks below are simply intended to point out a few more things about this film, one of the most complex and creative of all film noirs. The staging in Kiss Me Deadly shows a three dimensiona l quality. Partly this is due to depth of field. Many scenes keep in focus far into the rear of the scene. This is a technique associated in Hollywood with Orson Welles. Aldrich is often considered to be a Welles disciple. There are other techniques that aid in the films 3D quality: 1) The showing of an irregular wall along one side of the shot. When Mike Hammers car pulls up to a gas station near the beginning of the film, we see the entire front of the gas station along the right side of the shot. The gas station facade is by no means smooth; it contains many projections. All of these are fully lit up. The gas station is shot as if it were an elaborate piece of sculpture, like one of Louise Nevelsons friezes. As the camera moves past it, it emphasizes the stations complex 3D qualities. The projections on the station all are rectilinear: they are box like, with flat, perpendicular walls. A shot with even greater depth of field shows Mike Hammer knocking on a door in the Angels Flig ht neighborhood. Behind him we see first a long narrow alleyway, then a huge depth of field showing a Los Angeles city scape. This is an astonishing shot. Both the alley and the cityscape are irregular, just like the gas station. They are full of protuberances, and show a huge amount of specialized detail. The stairs view is bounded on the left by many protuberances from the building, mainly rectilinear, although there are some angular planes as well. A third similar shot shows the left hand side wall of Hammers apartment. The tables and furniture form the rectilinear protuberances near Hammers wall. 2) Aldrich often shows scenes with an L construction. For example, take the gas station, once the characters stop there and get gas. The front of the station is a long horizontal space. Then, at the left hand side of the station, we also see a walkway going straight back from the camera. The walkway is joined to the front of the station like the letter L. The front of the station forms the long part of the L, the shorter walkway the connecting stoke at the base of the L. Hammers apartment is set up in a similar way. There is a long living room that is often shot so that it stretches from left to right, horizontally across the screen (just like the front of the gas station). Then at the left of the screen, a passage leading straight away from the camera leads to Mike Hammers bed room (like the walkway at the left of the gas station). This is the same geometry of set design and camera set up in both scenes. The gym shows a similar L, but with the passage (the staircase) on the right hand side of the shot, not the left. The L construction shows movement in two completely perpendicular directions. This emphasizes the 3D nature of the shot. People do move along the short bar of the L: for example, at the gas station Cloris Leachman moves first down the side of the gas station, directly away from the camera, then returns the same way straight toward the camera. One can find somewhat similar effects in Orson Welles The Lady From Shanghai (1948). Grisbys business office in the film contains both a wall with a safe, parallel to the image plane and close up, and areas of greater depth, containing the desk. Welles tracks from the deep region to the shallow, and back again. Aldrich shows a slightly different over all pattern, of revealing the geometry of the scene. Aldrich will typically start at the flatter part of the composition, showing the viewer nothing but a flat planar surface, parallel to the frame. Then a lateral track will reveal the deep area opening up: something that is visually quite surprising. Then Aldrich will typically show both parts of the L at once. There are variations in this approach. At Carvers apartment, the deep area is in the center of the shot, not the edge. The effect is of an inverted T, not an L. At first, the door leading to the central deep part is closed, and the viewer cannot see it: the whole image looks like a flat surface. Then Hammer opens the door, and the deep well is revealed. The effect is even more startling than the tracking. Here the central area includes the complexity of a staircase, unlike the corridor like wells of the L shots, so the effect is even more complex and startling. 3) Aldrich will often include different pointing planes in the same shot. This gives a sense of 3D to the scene. For example, a two shot of Hammer and his policeman friend Pete show each near a door. Petes door is closed, and pointing along one plane. Hammers door is slightly open, and pointing in a different direction, at an angle to the first door. Both men are standing along the edge of their door, so that the door underlines and exaggerates the positioning of their bodies. Each seems more macho and aggressive, with the full rectangular region of the door behind them. They also seem at slightly cross purposes. Like the directions of the doors, they seem both nearly in the same direction, but also skewed on an angle to each other. The geometry of the scene also suggests things about their personal relationship. It also helps characterize Mike Hammer: he is a man who likes to have his back scratched, like a cat. Some people like to stand so that a door is rubbing them in their back: Hammer is one of them. The hospital scene shows an astonishing composition formed by tilting the camera. One component of this composition: a screen. The screen is placed at an angle jutting out of the wall. This is not so unusual if the scene were filmed straight on, but tilted as it is, it makes a very unusual planar projection into the surface. One is reminded of the early three dimensional reliefs of Picasso and then Tatlin, which also use a basically flat background, such as Aldrichs hospital wall, with other planes jutting out at slight angles, such as Aldrichs screen. 4) A scene in a bedroom shoots a table and its contents at an angle. The camera is turned at an angle that does not align with eithe r of the perpendicular axes of the table. But, a clock on the table is turned so that it is exactly parallel to the plane of the shot. The clock is a very small space, but it becomes the center of the shot, because it is in such geometric alignment with the camera frame. The effect is to underline visually the various planes of the shot. It emphasizes the contrast between the camera plane, and the planes of the room and the table. The viewer becomes much more conscious of them then if the table were merely shot at a slightly off angle. 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